1
Department of Recreation, Gazi University, Ankara, 06500, Türkiye
2
Department of Recreation, Gazi University, Ankara, 06500, Türkiye
Abstract
Leisure manipulation refers to the process through which individuals’ leisure preferences are shaped by various mechanisms mediated by mass communication and cultural production practices. This study aimed to develop a measurement tool to assess the direct or indirect manipulation processes experienced by individuals in their leisure evaluations. A total of 411 adults residing in Ankara participated in the research. In the scale development phase, a 54-item pool was generated based on the theoretical framework, and expert evaluations were obtained; following content validation and the removal of the control item, the pool was reduced to 33 items. Subsequently, the factor structure was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and later confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The final scale consists of 22 items and five subdimensions, labelled as conspicuous leisure, culture industry, cultural hegemony, manipulation resistance, and manipulation awareness. The overall reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.85. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the model’s validity (χ²/df = 2.84; RMSEA = 0.06; SRMR = 0.06; CFI = 0.93; NFI = 0.90; AGFI = 0.86). Correlations among subdimensions ranged from weak to moderate and were statistically significant (r = 0.175–0.476; p < 0.01). Overall, the findings indicate that the developed scale is a valid and reliable measurement instrument for assessing leisure manipulation.
Keywords
Leisure,manipulation,scale,development
How to Cite
Eriskin, F., & Ayyildiz Durhan, T. (2026). Leisure manipulation scale: Measuring the directed influence on mass audiences. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 17(63), 361–374. https://doi.org/10.70736/ijoess.2113
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Tebessum Ayyildiz Durhan
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