This study traces the transformation of the concept of state sovereignty from the Treaty of Westphalia to the present day, exploring how global security dynamics and human rights norms have shaped contemporary understandings of sovereignty. Prepared through qualitative research and document analysis, this study conducts examination of primary sources such as the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rome Statute, and Responsibility to Protect (R2P) documents, along with the relevant secondary literature. In doing so, historical processes and regional variations are visualized and evaluated in a comparative manner. The findings indicate that sovereignty has shifted away from its classical conception as an absolute authority, evolving into a responsibility-oriented framework shaped by human rights and international security norms. In particular, the R2P principle has fundamentally redefined the concept of sovereignty by emphasizing states’ obligations to protect their populations. However, regional power balances and geopolitical differences hinder the consistent application of this new understanding of sovereignty at the international level. While sovereignty is still defended in a more rigid and traditional manner in the Middle East and Africa, it assumes a more normative and flexible form in Western countries, exhibiting certain inconsistencies. This indicates that sovereignty today possesses a multidimensional, dynamic, and normative character, playing a complex role within the international system. Ultimately, the study aims to highlight the evolution of sovereignty in international relations, particularly its transformation in response to global security threats and the increasing primacy of human rights.