The effect of social perceptions toward female athletes on violence tendencies in team sports among individuals participating in recreational physical activity in Türkiye
1
Faculty of Sports Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Türkiye
2
Yasar Doğu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Türkiye
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effect of social perceptions toward female athletes on violence tendencies in team sports among individuals participating in recreational physical activity in Türkiye. A total of 233 recreationally active individuals were administered the ‘Perception Scale Toward Female Athletes’ and the ‘Violence Tendency Scale in Team Sports’. Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze group differences, followed by the LSD post hoc test. In addition, a simple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the predictive effect of social perceptions on violence tendencies. The findings revealed no significant gender differences in cultural value judgments or violence tendency scores (p > 0.05). However, significant gender-based differences were observed in the sub-dimensions of social support integration and body perception (p < 0.05). Age and income variables did not produce significant differences in violence tendency scores (p > 0.05), although income was associated with differences in certain perception sub-dimensions (p < 0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated that cultural value judgments significantly and negatively predicted violence tendency (B = −0.275, t = −6.875, p < 0.001), explaining 17% of the variance (R² = 0.170). This indicates that stronger cultural value orientations are associated with lower levels of violence tendency. In conclusion, the findings indicate that violence tendencies in team sports are more closely associated with psychosocial factors than demographic variables. Interventions promoting gender equality through education and media are recommended to address issues related to body perception and social support among female athletes.
Keywords
Perception, performance sports,sociodemographic variables,tendency for violence,women
How to Cite
Ozkan, R., & Imamoglu, O. (2026). The effect of social perceptions toward female athletes on violence tendencies in team sports among individuals participating in recreational physical activity in Türkiye. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 17(63), 407–415. https://doi.org/10.70736/ijoess.2306
📄Akgül, F. (2024). Takım sporları ile uğraşan üniversite öğrencilerinin şiddet eğilimi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 81–92.
📄Akın, A., Yıldız, B., & Basha, E. (2016). Şiddete yönelik tutum ölçeğinin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 3(1), 53–61.
📄Anderson, E. (2008). “I used to think women were weak”: Orthodox masculinity, gender segregation, and sport. Sociological Forum, 23(2), 257–280. [Crossref]
📄Aslan, M., & Uğraş, S. (2021). Tendency of violence in team sports athletes: A scale development study. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 156–167. [Crossref]
📄Ayan, S. (2007). Aile içinde şiddete uğrayan çocukların saldırganlık eğilimleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8(3), 206–214.
📄Aybek, S., Aybek, A., & İmamoğlu, O. (2023). Investigation of quality of life in sedentary women according to sports status. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 8(23), 2564–2586. [Crossref]
📄Bayköse, N., Saraç, H., & Yavuz, S. A. (2018). Cinsiyet ve fiziksel algı: Sporcularda cinsiyet farklılıkları fiziksel algı düzeylerinin farklı olmasının nedeni olabilir mi? Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 1–9. [Crossref]
📄Bazli, N. N., Mohd Sukor, M. S., Mahfar, M., & Abu-Bakar, T. (2021). The aggressive behaviour in sports among athletes in a public university. Sains Humanika, 13(2), 17–23. [Crossref]
📄Boardley, I. D., Matosic, D., & Bruner, M. W. (2020). A longitudinal examination of the relations between moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42(2), 123–131. [Crossref]
📄Brooks, D. E., & Hébert, L. P. (2006). Gender, race, and media representation. In B. J. Dow & J. T. Wood (Eds.), The Sage handbook of gender and communication (pp. 297–317). Sage. [Crossref]
📄Bruce, T. (2016). New rules for new times: Sportswomen and media representation in the third wave. Sex Roles, 74(7), 361–376. [Crossref]
📄Bukhari, S. R., Rashid, A., & Ali, F. A. (2017). Aggression in male and female university students. Rawal Medical Journal, 42(4), 511.
📄Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
📄Coalter, F. (2007). A wider social role for sport: Who’s keeping the score? Routledge.
📄Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press.
📄Danilewicz, C. (2012). Violence in youth sport: Potential preventative measures and solutions (Master’s thesis). University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
📄Danioni, F., Kavussanu, M., Regalia, C., & Barni, D. (2021). My teammates think it is alright to fight to protect friends: Collective moral disengagement in team sports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 598–612. [Crossref]
📄Doğan, E., Sekban, G., Bayrak, M., & İmamoğlu, O. (2023). Researching the awareness of athletes in different branches in Turkey about their exposure to sexual abuse and harassment. Journal of ROL Sports Sciences, 4(4), 1468–1487. [Crossref]
📄Douglas, K., & Carless, D. (2009). Abandoning the performance narrative: Two women's stories of transition from professional sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2), 213–230. [Crossref]
📄Eraslan, M., Karafil, A. Y., Akgül, M. H., & Korkmaz, S. (2019). Üniversiteler arası spor müsabakalarına katılan Muay Thai sporcularının şiddet eğilimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 404–412. [Crossref]
📄Fields, S. K., Collins, C. L., & Comstock, R. D. (2010). Violence in youth sports: Hazing, brawling and foul play. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44, 32–37. [Crossref]
📄Fink, J. S. (2015). Female athletes, women’s sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”? Sport Management Review, 18(3), 331–342. [Crossref]
📄Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children (3rd ed.). Routledge.
📄Hardin, M., & Greer, J. D. (2009). The influence of gender-role socialization, media use and sports participation on perceptions of gender-appropriate sports. Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(2), 207–226.
📄Kane, M. J. (2013). The better sportswomen get, the more the media ignore them. Communication & Sport, 1(3), 231–236. [Crossref]
📄Kırımoğlu, H., Gezer, E., Deveci, A., & Gülle, M. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyet ve spor eğitimi alma durumlarına göre saldırganlık ve empatik eğilim düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 5623–5635. [Crossref]
📄Krane, V., Choi, P. Y. L., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., & Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the paradox: Female athletes negotiate femininity and muscularity. Sex Roles, 50(5), 315–329. [Crossref]
📄Kurşun, E., Uzun, N. B., & Gümüş, H. (2023). Kadın performans sporcularına yönelik algı ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Human Sciences, 20(3), 375–386. [Crossref]
📄McLaren, L., & Kuh, D. (2004). Women's body dissatisfaction, social class, and social mobility. Social Science & Medicine, 58(9), 1575–1584. [Crossref]
📄Messner, M. A. (2002). Taking the field: Women, men, and sports. University of Minnesota Press.
📄Pfister, G. (2010). Women in sport—Gender relations and future perspectives. Sport in Society, 13(2), 234–248. [Crossref]
📄Sainz-de-Baranda, C., Adá-Lameiras, A., & Blanco-Ruiz, M. (2020). Gender differences in sports news coverage on Twitter. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5199. [Crosszref]
📄Schultz, J. (2005). Reading the catsuit: Serena Williams and the production of blackness at the 2002 US Open. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 29(3), 338–357.
📄Silva, A. N., Marques, E. S., da Silva, L. S., & Azeredo, C. M. (2021). Wealth inequalities in different types of violence among Brazilian adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21–22), 10705–10724. [Crossref]
📄Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent sport participation, teasing, self-objectification and body image concerns. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 455–463. [Crossref]
📄Sniras, S. (2024). Identifying the peculiarities of students’ aggressive behaviour in physical education lessons. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(4), 545–553. [Crossref]
📄Theberge, N. (1997). “It’s part of the game”: Physicality and the production of gender in women's hockey. Gender & Society, 11(1), 69–87.
📄Uzun, R. N., & Orhan-Akar, Ö. (2025). Sporcuların durumluk kaygıları. Gece Kitabevi.
📄Uzun, R. N., Yamak, B., Erail, S., & Orhan-Akar, R. (2025). An investigation of media usage purposes and social media addiction levels of faculty of sport sciences students. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 6(2), 300–313. [Crossref]
📄Wensing, E. H., & Bruce, T. (2003). Bending the rules: Media representations of gender during an international sporting event. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38(4), 387–396. [Crossref]
📄Yıldıran, İ. (2012). Sosyoekonomik düzeyin spor yapma alışkanlıkları üzerindeki etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 91–100.
📄Yıldız, M., & Çebi, M. (2025). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation warm-ups: A key to improved isokinetic performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 412–421. [Crossref]