This review examines the effects of menstrual cycle phases on psychobiological responses and training motivation in female athletes through a holistic lens grounded in current evidence. A synthesis of the literature shows that cyclical fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone significantly influence performance-related variables such as mood, stress response, pain perception, perceived exertion (RPE), energy levels, sleep quality, and self-efficacy. Findings indicate that negative psychobiological responses commonly observed during the menstrual and late luteal phases may reduce willingness to initiate training, lower tolerance to training load, and impair recovery. Conversely, increased motivation, positive mood, and enhanced self-efficacy during the follicular and ovulatory phases appear to support performance-oriented behaviors. The review further emphasizes that adopting a cycle-informed training approach plays a critical role in promoting athlete well-being, sustaining load–recovery balance, reducing burnout risk, and ensuring long-term performance sustainability. However, notable gaps persist in the literature, including a lack of interdisciplinary research, limited models examining the mediating role of motivation, and a scarcity of studies combining subjective and objective measures. In conclusion, a “cycle-smart coaching” approach that centers the biopsychosocial needs of female athletes represents a significant paradigm shift—not only for enhancing performance but also for fostering an inclusive and evidence-based training culture in sport.