1
Okan University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Istanbul, Turkiye
2
Yalova University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yalova, Turkiye
Abstract
This study examines dissent behavior directed at referee authority in professional football from a sports management perspective. Based on data from 73,870 matches and 439 clubs in Europe’s top leagues, spanning the 2012–2013 to the 2024–2025 seasons, the reasons behind yellow and red cards have been analyzed. In particular, the distribution of dissent-related cards has been evaluated in relation to match timing, score status, and club profiles. The notably high rates observed among Turkish clubs stand out as a striking finding. The results indicate that dissent behavior reflects not only individual player actions but also the broader influence of club culture and technical management strategies. The study suggests that sports managers develop data-driven strategies for managing player behavior, designing communication protocols with referees, and implementing effective disciplinary education programs.
Keywords
Football,Referee,Sports Management
How to Cite
Karaman, T., & Ozsoy, D. (2025). Resistance to authority and managerial control in football: An evaluation of dissent cards within the context of sports management . Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 6(3), 623–638. https://doi.org/10.70736/jrolss.1873
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Damla Ozsoy
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