1
Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Health Sciences, Isparta, Türkiye
2
Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isparta, Turkiye
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of complex and contrast training methods on reactive agility and planned change of direction performance in U16 male basketball players. The basketball players were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group, a complex training group, and a contrast training group. Reactive agility and planned change of direction tests were administered to the athletes before and after the implementation of the training programs. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis, while the Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to assess normality. Within-group comparisons were conducted using the paired samples t-test, and between-group comparisons were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The paired t-test results revealed no significant differences in the planned change of direction test between pre- and post-test measurements in the control and complex training groups (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the contrast training group (p < 0.05). In the reactive agility test, no significant difference was found in the control group (p > 0.05), whereas statistically significant improvements were observed in both the contrast and complex training groups (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in the between-group comparisons (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the contrast training method, due to the greater variety of exercises and shorter rest intervals, allows training sessions to be completed in a shorter time. This approach may help athletes maintain motivation throughout training while also enabling greater performance improvements within a shorter period.
Dagli, S., & Alp, M. (2025). The effects of contrast and complex training methods on planned change of direction and reactive agility in U16 male basketball players. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 6(4), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.70736/jrolss.2118
📄Aksovıć, N., Bjelıca, B., Milanović, F., Jovanović, N., & Zelenović, M. (2021b). Plyometric training effects on explosive power, sprint and direction change speed in basketball: A review. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 7(2), 73-79. [Crossref]
📄Aksovıć, N., Bjelica, B., Milanović, F., Milanovic, L., & Jovanović, N. (2021a). Development of explosive power in basketball players. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 7(1), 44-52. [Crossref]
📄Ali, K., Verma, S., Ahmad, I., Singla, D., Saleem, M., & Hussain, M. E. (2019). Comparison of complex versus contrast training on steroid hormones and sports performance in male soccer players. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 18(2), 131-138. [Crossref]
📄Alves, J. M. V. M., Rebelo, A. N., Abrantes, C., & Sampaio, J. (2010). Short-term effects of complex and contrast training in soccer players’ vertical jump, sprint, and agility abilities. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 936-941. [Crossref]
📄Argus, C. K., Gill, N. D., Keogh, J. W. L., McGuigan, M. R., & Hopkins, W. G. (2012). Effects of two contrast training programs on jump performance in rugby union players during a competition phase. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(1), 68–75. [Crossref]
📄Atasever, G., & Sevindik Aktaş, B. (2023). Kontrast antrenmanlarının reaktif kuvvet indeksi parametreleri üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effects of contrast training on reactive strength ındex parameters]. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 63–68.
📄Aydın, S. (2022). Farklılıkla öğrenme antrenmanlarının basketbolcuların biyomotor özellikleri, basketbol temel becerileri ve reaksiyon zamanları üzerine etkileri [The effects of differential learning training on basketball players’ biomotor abilities, fundamental basketball skills, and reaction times]. [Doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
📄Ceyhan, Ç., Harbili, E., & Harbili, S. (2022). 8 haftalık kontrast antrenmanın genç erkek voleybolcularda vücut kompozisyonu ve sıçrama performansına etkisi: deneysel bir çalışma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 14(3). [Crossref]
📄Delaney, J. A., Scott, T. J., Ballard, D. A., Duthie, G. M., Hickmans, J. A., Lockie, R. G., … et al. (2015). Contributing factors to change-of-direction ability in professional rugby league players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2688-2696. [Crossref]
📄Dietz, C., & Peterson, B. (2012). Triphasic training: A systematic approach to elite speed and explosive strength performance. Bye Dietz Sport Enterprise.
📄Docherty, D., Robbins, D., & Hodgson, M. (2004). Complex training revisited: A review of its current status as a viable training approach. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 26(6), 52-57. [Crossref]
📄Elbadry, N., Hamza, A., Pietraszewski, P., Alexe, D. I., & Lupu, G. (2019). Effect of the French contrast method on explosive strength and kinematic parameters of the triple jump among female college athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 69, 225. [Crossref]
📄Freitas, T. T., Calleja-González, J., Carlos-Vivas, J., Marín-Cascales, E., & Alcaraz, P. E. (2019). Short-term optimal load training vs a modified complex training in semi-professional basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(4), 434-442. [Crossref]
📄García-Pinillos, F., Martínez-Amat, A., Hita-Contreras, F., Martínez-López, E. J., & Latorre-Román, P. A. (2014). Effects of a contrast training program without external load on vertical jump, kicking speed, sprint, and agility of young soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(9), 2452-2460. [Crossref]
📄Gonçalves, B., Esteves, P., Folgado, H., Ric, A., Torrents, C., & Sampaio, J. (2017). Effects of pitch area-restrictions on tactical behavior, physical, and physiological performances in soccer large-sided games. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(9), 2398-2408. [Crossref]
📄Inglis, P., & Bird, S. P. (2016). Reactive agility tests-review and practıcal applications. Journal of Australian Strength & Conditioning, 24(5).
📄Javorac, D. (2012). Influence of complex training on explosive power of knee extensor muscles of basketball juniors. Exercise and Quality of Life, 4(1), 41–50. [Crossref]
📄Jensen, R. L., & Ebben, W. P. (2003). Kinetic analysis of complex training rest interval effect on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(2), 345-349.
📄Karabıyık, A. (2018). Kompleks kuvvet antrenmanının genç futbolcuların anaerobik güç performansları üzerine etkisi [The effect of complex strength training on anaerobic power performance in young football players]. [Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü]. https://hdl.handle.net/11363/829
📄Kukrić, A. S., Jakovljević, S., Dobraš, R., Petrović, B., Vučković, I., & Janković, N. (2019). The influence of the complex training method on maximal isometric force production of junior basketball players. Physical Culture/Fizicka Kultura, 73(2). [Crossref]
📄Latorre-Román, P. Á., García-Pinillos, F., & Mora-López, D. (2017). Reference values of standing long jump in preschool children: A population-based study. Pediatric Exercise Science, 29(1), 116-120. [Crossref]
📄Lockie, R. G., Jeffriess, M. D., McGann, T. S., Callaghan, S. J., & Schultz, A. B. (2014). Planned and reactive agility performance in semi professional and amateur basketball players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9(5), 766–771. [Crossref]
📄Löklüoğlu, B. (2023). Futbolcularda kompleks antrenman programlarının farklı set yöntemleriyle uygulanmasının bazı motorik özelliklere etkilerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effects of complex training programs with different set configurations on selected motor skills in football players]. [Doktora tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
📄Matthew, D., & Delextrat, A. (2009). Heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and time–motion analysis of female basketball players during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(8), 813-821. [Crossref]
📄Noufal, K. V. I., Vasanthi, G., Elayaraja, M., Murugesan, R., Rajpoot, Y. S., Govindasamy, K., … et al. (2024). Impact of French contrast training on field hockey player’s biomotor and physiological parameters: A Pretest-Posttest Study. Retos, (58), 1097–1105. [Crossref]
📄Oliver, J. L., & Meyers, R. W. (2009). Reliability and generality of measures of acceleration, planned agility, and reactive agility. International journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(3), 345-354. [Crossref]
📄Özbay, S., Ulupınar, S., & Özkara, A. B. (2018). Sporda çeviklik performansı. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 97-112. [Crossref]
📄Pagaduan, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pojskic, H. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of contrast training on vertical jump performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 41(3), 63–78. [Crossref]
📄Robbins, D. W. (2005). Postactivation potentiation and its practical applicability: A brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 453–458. [Crossref]
📄Roden, D., Lambson, R., & DeBeliso, M. (2014). The effects of a complex training protocol on vertical jump performance in male high school basketball players. Journal of Sports Science, 2, 21-26.
📄Schneiker, K. T., Fyfe, J. J., Teo, S. Y., & Bishop, D. J. (2023). Comparative effects of contrast training and progressive resistance training on strength and power-related measures in subelite Australian rules football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(7), 1440-1448. [Crossref]
📄Selek, S. (2024). Kontrast antrenman metodunun yıldız kız basketbolcularda çeviklik performansına etkisi [The effect of the contrast training method on agility performance in youth female basketball players]. [Yüksek lisans tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
📄Simenz, C. J., Dugan, C. A., & Ebben, W. P. (2005). Strength and conditioning practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning coaches. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(3), 495-504.
📄Suchomel, T. J., Sato, K., DeWeese, B. H., Ebben, W. P., & Stone, M. H. (2016). Potentiation following ballistic and nonballistic complexes: The effect of strength level. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(7), 1825-1833. [Crossref]
📄Sugiyama, T., Maeo, S., Kurihara, T., Kanehisa, H., & Isaka, T. (2021). Change of direction speed tests in basketball players: A brief review of test varieties and recent trends. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 645350. [Crossref]
📄Tokgöz, G. (2022). Fransız Kontrast Metodunun Hentbolcularda Çeviklik, İvmelenme ve Sıçrama Değerlerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(4), 403-416. [Crossref]
📄Tsunawake, N., Tahara, Y., Moji, K., Muraki, S., Minowa, K., & Yukawa, K. (2003). Body composition and physical fitness of female volleyball and basketball players of the Japan inter-high school championship teams. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(4), 195-201. [Crossref]
📄Uzunhasan, M. B. (2023). Genç erkek futbolcularda 8 haftalık kontrast ve pliometrik antrenman yöntemlerinin metabolik ve nöromüsküler faktörlerin adaptasyonunun değerlendirilmesi (Master’s thesis, Marmara Universitesi (Turkey)). https://openaccess.marmara.edu.tr/handle/11424/292878
📄Wang, B., Xie, E., Liang, P., Liu, T., Zhu, J., Qin, G., … et al. (2024). Transforming performance: The impact of an 8-week complex training program on strength, power, and change of direction in female basketball athletes. Medicine (Baltimore), 103(24), e38524. [Crossref]
📄Yıldırım, M. (2025). Gelişim liginde oynayan futbolculara uygulanan 8 haftalık kompleks ve kontrast kuvvet antrenmanların güç, dikey sıçrama, çeviklik ve sürat üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effects of 8-week complex and contrast strength training on power, vertical jump, agility, and speed in football players competing in the development league]. [Yüksek lisans tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Kış Sporları ve Spor Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
,
Mahmut Alp
2
