Because shooting performance in precision sports cannot be fully explained by physical characteristics alone, this study aimed to examine the effects of different training protocols on body composition, handgrip strength, and shooting performance in air rifle athletes. A total of 16 athletes participated and were divided into two groups (n=8 each). Body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were measured, and right and left handgrip strength were assessed using a dynamometer. Shooting performance was evaluated through success score and total shooting score. All measurements were conducted according to standard procedures, and group comparisons were performed using an independent samples t-test after confirming normal distribution; the level of significance was set at p<0.05. The mean body weight, height, and BMI of Group 1 were 63.13±10.59 kg, 173.38±5.66 cm, and 24.88±6.96 kg/m², respectively, while the corresponding values for Group 2 were 60.88±3.60 kg, 170.13±5.38 cm, and 23.50±6.84 kg/m², with no significant differences observed between the groups in anthropometric variables (p>0.05). No significant differences were found between the groups in right or left handgrip strength (p>0.05). In contrast, the success score of Group 2 (2.88±0.64) was significantly higher than that of Group 1 (2.25±0.46; p=0.042), and the total shooting score was also significantly greater in Group 2 (6181.75±81.96 vs. 6062.88±59.93; p=0.005). Athletes in Group 2 had greater competitive experience than those in Group 1. In conclusion, the findings indicate that differences in air rifle shooting performance are not associated with basic anthropometric characteristics or handgrip strength, but are more closely related to technical proficiency, experience, motor coordination, and psychological readiness.