This study examines the psychosocial effects of social media on athletes from a multidimensional perspective. The primary aim of the research is to evaluate how social media platforms influence athletes’ identity construction, image management, mental health, and relationships with fans in light of current literature. The study seeks to reveal how the digitalization of sports intersects with individual psychology and social dynamics. Social media has become not only a communication medium for athletes but also a central arena for personal branding, sponsorship relations, self-presentation strategies, and fan interaction. Visibility on platforms such as Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube is now considered as important as athletic success. However, this digital visibility also brings with it psychological issues such as stress, anxiety, social comparison, body dissatisfaction, and burnout. Expectation-based pressure derived from social media increases emotional vulnerability and leads athletes to base their self-perception on external approval. Furthermore, with the digitalization of fan culture, the athlete-fan relationship has become both closer and more fragile. Echo chambers created by fans on social media intensify polarization and cancel culture, thereby increasing psychosocial pressure on athletes. This situation leads not only to positive feedback but also to the intensification of toxic interactions that threaten athletes’ emotional integrity. The findings of the study indicate that the effects of social media on athletes are not limited to visibility or communication, but also deeply influence psychological well-being, self-esteem, gender representation, and collective belonging. Accordingly, it is recommended that social media literacy programs for athletes be developed, psychological resilience training be expanded, and fan behaviors be regulated within an ethical framework. Moreover, gender representations in media practices should be structured in an egalitarian manner, and women athletes should be represented free from bias in digital visibility. Increasing interdisciplinary research on the impact of social media in the field of sports will contribute to the construction of a more conscious, sustainable, and ethical digital sports culture.