The personality structure and mindfulness levels of football players: Enneagram theory
Abstract views: 81
/ 
PDF downloads: 49
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70736/jrolss.612Keywords:
decision making, Enneagram theory, football, mindfulness, personality typesAbstract
Studying mindfulness levels and personality types in soccer players is crucial for understanding the psychological factors that influence athletic performance. This study investigated the relationship between soccer players’ mindfulness levels and enneagram personality types. Study involved 207 active licensed football players from Turkish clubs, comprising 38 females (mean age 18.78±3.23) and 169 males (mean age 22.68±6.31). The data collection process utilized the Enneagram Personality Test and Mindfulness Inventory for Sport. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between the perfectionist personality type and the compromising (r=0.63) and helping (r=0.60) personality types. The non-judgmental (r=-0.46) and refocusing (r=-0.43) sub-dimensions showed the strongest negative relationships. Multiple regression analyses were conducted using mindfulness sub-dimensions as dependent variables. The first model found significant predictors for achiever (β=0.233), authentic (β=0.169), and compromiser (β=0.219) personality types. The second model identified perfectionist (β=-0.238), authentic (β=-0.167), head (β=-0.191), and compromiser (β=-0.186) types. The third model found that achievers (β=0.241) and authentic (β=0.327) types were significant predictors. Enneagram personality types explained considerable variance in the mindfulness (R2=0.35), non-judgement (R2=0.23), and refocusing (R2=0.35) sub-dimensions. Regression analyses indicated that Enneagram personality types were significant predictors of athletes’ mindfulness (R² = 0.35), non-judgement (R² = 0.23), and refocusing (R² = 0.35) levels, with the achiever, authentic, and compromiser types being the most impactful predictors. These findings demonstrate that Enneagram Theory effectively elucidates the relationship between soccer players’ mindfulness levels and personality types, providing valuable insights for sports science literature.
References
Aktepe, İ., & Tolan, Ö. (2020). Bilinçli farkındalık: Güncel bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(4), 534-561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.692250
Alexander, M., & Schnipke, B. (2020). The Enneagram: A primer for psychiatry residents. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal, 15(3), 2-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2020.150301
Arkonaç, S. A. (1998). Psikoloji: Zihin süreçler bilimi (2. Baskı). Alfa Yayıncılık.
Batı, U. (2012). Enneagram ile kişilik analizi. Alfa Yayınları.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., … et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical psychology: Science and practice, 11(3), 230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
Bland, A. M. (2010). The Enneagram: A review of the empirical and transformational literature. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 49(1), 16-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2010.tb00084.x
Boutyline, A. (2017). Improving the measurement of shared cultural schemas with correlational class analysis: Theory and method. Sociological Science, 4, 353-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15195/v4.a15
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Addressing fundamental questions about mindfulness. Psychological inquiry, 18(4), 272-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701703344
Chen, Y. (2016). Spatial autocorrelation approaches to testing residuals from least squares regression. PloS One, 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146865
Cleophas, T. J., & Zwinderman, A. H. (2018). Modern Bayesian statistics in clinical research (No. 144477). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92747-3
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Cooper, B., & Glaesser, J. (2010). Contrasting variable-analytic and case-based approaches to the analysis of survey datasets: exploring how achievement varies by ability across configurations of social class and sex. Methodological Innovations Online, 5(1), 3-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4256/mio.2010.0007
Çetın, M. Ç., & Kara, M. (2024). Sporda etkili karar verme ölçeği (SEKVÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 40-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1377855
Daniels, D., & Price, V. (2009). The essential enneagram: The definitive personality test and self-discovery Guide--Revised & Updated. Harper Collins.
Daniels, D., Saracino, T., Fraley, M., Christian, J., & Pardo, S. (2018). Advancing ego development in adulthood through study of the enneagram system of personality. Journal of Adult Development, 25, 229-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-018-9289-x
Dymond, S., & Barnes, D. (1997). Behavior-analytic approaches to self-awareness. The Psychological Record, 47, 181-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395219
Fife, D. (2020). The eight steps of data analysis: A graphical framework to promote sound statistical analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(4), 1054-1075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620917333
Flett, G. L., & Mikail, S. F. (2017). Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Guilford Publications.
Folli, G. S., Nascimento, M. H., de Paulo, E. H., da Cunha, P. H., Romao, W., & Filgueiras, P. R. (2020). Variable selection in support vector regression using angular search algorithm and variance inflation factor. Journal of Chemometrics, 34(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cem.3282
Franco, C., & Maitra, P. (2023). Combining surveys in small area estimation using area‐level models. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 15(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1613
Gardner, R. C., & Neufeld, R. W. (2013). What the correlation coefficient really tells us about the individual. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 45(4), 313–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033342
Gauthier, J. A., Widmer, E. D., Bucher, P., & Notredame, C. (2010). Multichannel sequence analysis applied to social science data. Sociological Methodology, 40(1), 1-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2010.01227.x
Gethin, R. (2011). On some definitions of mindfulness. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 263-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14639947.2011.564843
Geurkink, Y., Boone, J., Verstockt, S., & Bourgois, J. G. (2021). Machine learning-based identification of the strongest predictive variables of winning and losing in Belgian professional soccer. Applied Sciences, 11(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052378
Göncü, B. S., & Balcı, B. (2023). Sporda mücadele ve tehdit algısı açısından bilinçli farkındalığın önemi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences-IJSETS, 9(2), 59-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1296674
Hoe, S. L. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modelling technique. Journal of Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76.
Hook, J. N., Hall, T. W., Davis, D. E., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Conner, M. (2021). The Enneagram: A systematic review of the literature and directions for future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 865-883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23097
Huffman, L., Lefdahl-Davis, E. M., & Alayan, A. (2022). The Enneagram and the college student: Empirical insight, legitimacy, and practice. Christian Higher Education, 21(3), 214-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2021.1929566
Jayawickreme, E., Fleeson, W., Beck, E. D., Baumert, A., & Adler, J. M. (2021). Personality dynamics. Personality Science, 2(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5964/ps.6179
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hachette UK.
Kam, C. (2024). Enhancing enneagram therapy with contemporary research on the conscious and unconscious mind. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 58(2), 711-730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-022-09685-5
Kang, Y. H., Petzschner, F. H., Wolpert, D. M., & Shadlen, M. N. (2017). Piercing of consciousness as a threshold-crossing operation. Current Biology, 27(15), 2285-2295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.047
Kara, N. Ş., & Dönmez, A. (2022). Sporda enneagram kişilik tipleri. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 3(1), 73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29228/roljournal.54886
Kesler, E. (2020). Elit güreşçilerde bilinçli farkındalık, sürekli optimal performans duygu durumu, spora katılım motivasyonu ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi].
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2014). IBM SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203122778
Lotfi, A., Barghi, T. S., Dargahi, H., Memari, A., & Rakhshan, A. (2023). Investigating the mediating role of leadership style in the relationship between personality type and the performance of the staff, captains, supervisors, and medics in Tehran’s soccer clubs. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm-127311
Maitri, S. (2018). Enneagramın spritüel boyutu. Omega Yayınları.
Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.97.3.562
Mitchell, H. (2004). A correlation coefficient for intuitionistic fuzzy sets. International Journal of İntelligent Systems, 19(5), 483-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/int.20004
Mithen, S., Renfrew, C., & Zubrow, E. B. W. (1998). From domain specific to generalized intelligence: A cognitive interpretation of the Middle/Upper Paleolithic transition. Reader in archeological theory: Post-Processual and Cognitive Approaches, 137-156.
Öntürk, Y., Karacabey, K., & Özbar, N. (2019). Günümüzde spor denilince ilk akla neden futbol gelir? Sorusu üzerine bir araştırma. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(2), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.533739
Riso, D. R., & Hudson, R. (1999). The wisdom of the Enneagram: The complete guide to psychological and spiritual growth for the nine personality types. Bantam Books.
Rutkowski, T. M., Abe, M. S., Komendzinski, T., Sugimoto, H., Narebski, S., & Otake-Matsuura, M. (2023). Machine learning approach for early onset dementia neurobiomarker using EEG network topology features. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17, 11-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1155194
Sayre‐Adams, J. (2003). The Enneagram‐a means to psychological and spiriutual awareness. Spirituality and Health International, 4(4), 24-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/shi.192
Subas, A., & Çetin, M. (2024). Enneagram kişilik ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: güvenirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. The Journal of Social Sciences, 11(11), 160-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16990/SOBIDER.3478
Tatlılıoğlu, K. (2010). Farklı öz-anlayış düzeylerine sahip üniversite öğrencilerinin karar vermede özsaygı, karar verme stilleri ve kişilik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi [Doktora tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi].
Thienot, E., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J., Grove, J. R., Bernier, M., & Fournier, J. F. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the mindfulness inventory for sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 72-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.003
Tingaz, E. O. (2020). Adaptation of the mindfulness inventory for sport into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(2), 153–160.
Tlemsani, I., Mohamed Hashim, M. A., Matthews, R., Ndrecaj, V., & Mason-Jones, R. (2023). An Enneagram approach to strategy. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13050119
Türk Dil Kurumu. (2011). Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
Wagner, J. (2008). Eneagram styles and maladaptive schemas: A research inquiry. Enneagram Journal, 1(1).
Yüksel, Ö. (2006). Davranış bilimleri, Gazi Kitapevi.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of ROL Sport Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
