Mekki Abdioglu
1
,
Muhammed Oniz
2
,
Hakkı Mor
3
,
Şevket Tugay Sabancı
4
,
Ahmet Mor
5
1
Ankara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkiye
2
Mardin Artuklu University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Mardin, Turkiye
3
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Yaşar Doğu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Samsun, Turkıye
4
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Yaşar Doğu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Samsun, Turkiye
5
Sinop University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop, Turkıye
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different warm-up protocols on jump, change of direction, and sprint performances in tennis players. The study included 16 tennis players (9 females, 7 males; age: 13.93 ± 0.85 years; height: 172.31 ± 5.59 cm; body weight: 58.12 ± 4.77 kg; body mass index (BMI): 19.62 ± 2.02 kg/m2) who train 5 days a week and have engaged in tennis for at least 4 years. In this randomized, cross-over design study subjects were divided into control, dynamic warm-up (DW), and dynamic warm-up + ladder drills (DWL) groups. In the control group, 5 minutes of jogging was performed before the tests, followed by 5 minutes of passive rest, and then physical tests were performed. In the DW protocol, DW exercises were performed after 5 minutes of jogging and 2 minutes of rest, followed by 5 minutes of rest before the tests. In the DWL protocol, DW and ladder drills were performed after 5 minutes of running and 2 minutes of rest, and performance tests were then executed. Performance measurements included countermovement jump, 505 change of direction, and 5, 10, and 15-meter sprint tests. While a statistically significant difference was found in the 505 agility test (p<0.05), no significant difference was detected in the sprint and jump tests (p>0.05). In conclusion, it was observed that the DWL procedure significantly increased tennis players' change of direction performance.
Abdioglu, M., Oniz, M., Mor, H., Sabancı, Şevket T., & Mor, A. (2025). The effect of ladder drills on physical performance after warm-up in tennis . Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 6(2), 208–223. https://doi.org/10.70736/jrolss.535
📄Alnedral, A., Jatra, R., Firdaus, K., Neldi, H., Bakhtiar, S., Damrah, D., … et al. (2024). The effect of a holistic approach training model on increasing the speed and agility of tennis athletes. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte Y Recreación (61), 1138-1145. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108915
📄Aloui, G., Hermassi, S., Bartels, T., Hayes, L. D., Bouhafs, E. G., Chelly, M. S., … et al. (2022). Combined plyometric and short sprint training in U-15 male soccer players: effects on measures of jump, speed, change of direction, repeated sprint, and balance. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 757663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.757663
📄Alpar, R. (2022). Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle uygulamalı İstatistik ve Geçerlilik-Güvenirlik. Detay Yayıncılık.
📄Andrade, D. C., Henriquez-Olguin, C., Beltran, A. R., Ramirez, M. A., Labarca, C., Cornejo, M., … et al. (2015). Effects of general, specific and combined warm-up on explosive muscular performance. Biology of Sport, 32(2), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1140426
📄Anwar, R. J., & Sutono, E. (2020). Influence of ladder drill exercises and shuttle run toward agility level among basketball players in Bosowa International School Makassar. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1529 (3), 032039.
📄Arslan Kabasakal, S. (2024). Investigation of acute effects of different warm-up protocols on athletic performance in football. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(3), 429-445. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1531751
📄Ashar, A., Setijono, H., & Mintarto, E. (2021). The effect of unilateral and bilateral training circuit with ladder drill and plyometric cone on speed, agility, reaction and balance of elementary school students in Indonesia. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(6), 1453-1459. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090642
📄Bakar, N. A., Amir, N. H., Md Zaini, A., Nikol, L., & Abdul Halim, M. H. Z. (2020). The effects of myofascial release using foam rolling and resistance band assisted stretching on Malaysian rugby players’ lower body power and flexibility. Health & Exercise (MoHE) and International Sports Science Conference. Springer Singapore, 32–41 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3270-2_4
📄Barber-Westin, S. D., Hermeto, A. A., & Noyes, F. R. (2010). A six-week neuromuscular training program for competitive junior tennis players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2372-2382. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e8a47f
📄Barber-Westin, S., Hermet, A., & Noyes, F. (2015). A six-week neuromuscular and performance training program improves speed, agility, dynamic balance, and core endurance in junior tennis players. Journal of Athletic Enhancement, 4(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000185
📄Cengizoğlu, İ.C., Keskin, B., Arslan Kabasakal, S. (2024). Examination of healthy lifestyle behaviors of athletes. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 41-47. https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1389348
📄Ceylan, L., Demirkan, E., & Küçük, H. (2016). Farklı yaş gruplarındaki futbolcuların sprint zamanları ve tekrarlı sprint düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 4(Special Issue 1), 188-199. https://doi.org/10.14486/IntJSCS548
📄Chandrakumar, N., & Ramesh, C. (2015). Effect of ladder drill and SAQ training on speed and agility among sports club badminton players. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(12), 527-529.
📄Fajar, M. K. (2022). The effect of plyometric exercise and ladder drill on power, agility, and resting pulse in taekwondo athletes at state colleges. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(3), 311-318.
📄Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Granacher, U., Sanz-Rivas, D., Marín, J. M. S., Hernandez-Davo, J. L., & Moya, M. (2018). Sequencing effects of neuromuscular training on physical fitness in youth elite tennis players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(3), 849-856. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002319
📄Fradkin, A. J., Zazryn, T. R., & Smoliga, J. M. (2010). Effects of warming-up on physical performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(1), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c643a0
📄Gamlath, G., & Thotawaththa, P. (2023). The impact of six weeks of plyometric training program on agility, explosive power, and acceleration performance in young elite tennis players. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 10(4), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-10044553
📄Girard, O., & Millet, G. P. (2009). Physical determinants of tennis performance in competitive teenage players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1867-1872. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3df89
📄Hendrawan, S., Setijino, H., & Mintarto, E. (2017). Model comparison exercise circuit training game and circuit ladder drills to improve agility and speed. Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport, 4(2), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpehs.v4i2.6852
📄Hernández-Davó, J. L., Loturco, I., Pereira, L. A., Cesari, R., Pratdesaba, J., Madruga-Parera, M., … et al. (2021). Relationship between sprint, change of direction, jump, and hexagon test performance in young tennis players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 20(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.197
📄Ilham, I., Putra, R. A., Agus, A., Bafirman, B., Arsil, A., Bahtra, R., Kurniawan, R., … et al. (2024). The effect of combination of cone drill (zigzag) with core stability, combination of ladder drill (snake jump) with core stability, and speed on agility of futsal players: A factorial experimental design. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deporte Y Recreación, (58), 1-11.
📄Jansen, M. G., Huijgen, B. C., Faber, I. R., & Elferink-Gemser, M. T. (2021). Measuring agility in tennis, badminton, and squash: A systematic review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 43(6), 53-53. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000640
📄Kozinc, Ž., & Šarabon, N. (2024). Bilateral deficit in countermovement jump and its association with change of direction performance in basketball and tennis players. Sports Biomechanics, 23(10), 1370-1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1942965
📄Kramer, T., Valente-Dos-Santos, J., Visscher, C., Coelho-e-Silva, M., Huijgen, B. C., & Elferink-Gemser, M. T. (2021). Longitudinal development of 5m sprint performance in young female tennis players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(3), 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1816313
📄Markovic, G. (2007). Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height? A meta-analytical review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 349-355.
📄McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Medicine, 45, 1523-1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0376-x
📄Mor, A., Yurtseven, R., Mor, H., & Acar, K. (2021). 11-12 yaş grubu futbolcularda farkli ısinma protokollerinin bazi performans parametrelerine etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.907920
📄Moreno-Pérez, V., Lopez-Valenciano, A., Barbado, D., Moreside, J., Elvira, J., & Vera-Garcia, F. (2017). Comparisons of hip strength and countermovement jump height in elite tennis players with and without acute history of groin injuries. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 29, 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msksp.2017.04.006
📄Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Barbosa, T. M., Izquierdo, M., Viana, J. L., Teixeira, A. M., … et al. (2015). The effects of different warm-up volumes on the 100-m swimming performance: A randomized crossover study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(11), 3026-3036. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001141
📄Önal, A., & Aras, D. (2022). Comparison of different sprint performances with and without racquets in tennis players: sprint performances with and without racquets. Asian Exercise and Sport Science Journal, 6(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.30472/aesj.v6i1.338
📄Paul, M., Biswas, S. K., Shukla, G., & Sandhu, J. S. (2011). Effect of agility training on tennis performance. Science in Tennis, 16, 21-25.
📄Pramod, R., & Divya, K. (2019). The effects of ladder training on speed of Egyptian high school boys student’s in Qatar. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 6(1), 18-22.
📄Pramono, H., Rahayu, T., & Yudhistira, D. (2023). The effect of plyometrics exercise through agility ladder drill on improving physical abilities of 13–15-year-old volleyball players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.2.07
📄Putra, J. G., Aryanti, S., & Victorian, A. R. (2023). Ladder drill training on the agility of beginner badminton athletes. Kinestetik: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 7(4), 1046-1053.
📄Rasyid, M. L. S. A., Wiriawan, O., Siantoro, G., Kusuma, D. A., & Rusdiawan, A. (2023). Combination of plyometric and ladder drill: Its impact on improving speed, agility, and leg muscle power in badminton. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 9(2), 290-309. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.20468
📄Sariakçali, B., Ceylan, L., & Elioz, M. (2020). Evaluation of end-seasonal vitamin d, plasma lipid and other biochemical measurements in professional football players: The case of sivas province in Turkey. Progress in Nutrition, 10, 10611. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i2-S.10611
📄Siantoro, G., & Khamidi, A. (2020). The Effects of zigzag ladder exercise crossover shuffle, in out shuffle and ali shuffle against speed and agility. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 2(1), 109-114. https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v2i1.2040
📄Silva, L. M., Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. (2018). Effects of warm-up, post-warm-up, and re-warm-up strategies on explosive efforts in team sports: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48, 2285-2299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0958-5
📄Sivakumar, S., & Logeswaran, A. (2018). Effect of resistance training on selected physical variables of adolescent male tennis players. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 3(2), 2249-2251.
📄Sood, H. (2013). Physical and performance correlates of agility in tennis players [Master of Science Thesis, Ithaca College].
📄Sungpook, N., Singchainara, J., Soachalem, A., Polsorn, K., & Santiboon, T. T. (2023). Improving footballers agility performances outcomes with the smart ladder drill prototype inventory for exercising efficiency. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 18(1), 242-258. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.19
📄Tiryaki, E., & Akcan, F. (2021). Investigation of the effect of foot training using the agility ladder on dribbling skills in football. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 7(5), 104-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v7i5.4079
📄Wahyono, M., Setijono, H., Wiriawan, O., Harmono, B. A., Nuryadi, A., Pranoto, A., … et al. (2024). The effect of ladder drill exercises on some physical abilities in male junior high school students. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte, 13, 20-20. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.554801
📄Wang, Z.-H., Pan, R.-C., Huang, M.-R., & Wang, D. (2022). Effects of integrative neuromuscular training combined with regular tennis training program on sprint and change of direction of children. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 831248. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.831248
📄Yaacob, A. L., Zamri, I. M., Zulfika, A. D., Bakar, A. A., Baki, M. H., Sani, M. H. M., … et al. (2024). The impact of speed, agility and quickness (SAQ) training on tennis players: A case study report. Fitness, Performance and Health Journal, 3(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.53797/fphj.v3i1.4.2024