Vitamin D levels of athletes and their relationship with injury
Abstract views: 0
/ 
PDF downloads: 0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70736/jrolss.611Keywords:
Athlete, Injury, Recovery, Vitamin DAbstract
The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of vitamin D levels of athletes on sports disciplines, injury frequency and recovery time. A total of 204 participants, aged 18-25, who actively continue their sports life with a minimum of 10 years of sports experience, participated in the study. Participants consisted of athletes from Football n=34, Athletics n=34, Rugby n=34, Basketball n=34, Combat Sports n=34 and Fitness-Bodybuilding n=34 branches. A personal information form, developed by the researcher, was applied to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. Demographic information was used to examine whether there was a relationship between sport type, injury frequency, and recovery time. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that 171 athletes (83.8%) had vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/ml). Sports branches, injury history, and recovery time showed statistically significant results. Among the groups with different injury histories, a statistically significant difference was found in terms of vitamin D levels between the group without injury and the group with injury (p=0.000). Among groups with different return-to-sport times after injury, a statistically significant difference was found in vitamin D levels between the group that returned to sports within less than 1 month and the groups that took longer (p=0.001). These data have shown that vitamin D levels have a positive effect on athlete health.
References
Abrams, G. D., Feldman, D., & Safran, M. R. (2018). Effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle and athletic performance. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 26(8), 278-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00464
Angeline, M. E., Gee, A. O., Shindle, M., Warren, R. F., & Rodeo, S. A. (2013). The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(2), 461-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513475787
Barker, T., Schneider, E. D., Dixon, B. M., Henriksen, V. T., & Weaver, L. K. (2013). Supplemental vitamin D enhances the recovery in peak isometric force shortly after intense exercise. Nutrition & Metabolism, 10, 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-10-69
Bendik, I., Friedel, A., Roos, F. F., Weber, P., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2014). Vitamin D: a critical and essential micronutrient for human health. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00248
Black, P. N., & Scragg, R. (2005). Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and pulmonary function in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Chest, 128(6), 3792-3798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.6.3792
Carswell, A. T., Oliver, S. J., Wentz, L. M., Kashi, D. S., Roberts, R., Tang, J. C. Y., … et al. (2018). Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Sunlight or Oral D3 on Exercise Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 50(12), 2555–2564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001721
Chatterjee, S., Mondal, S., Borman, A. S., & Konar, A. (2014). Vitamin D, optimal health and athletic performance: a review study. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 3, 526-533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20140306.16
Close, G. L., Russell, J., Cobley, J. N., Owens, D. J., Wilson, G., Gregson, W., ... et al. (2013). Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), 344-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.733822
Dahlquist, D. T., Dieter, B. P., & Koehle, M. S. (2015). Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0093-8
Davey, T., Lanham-New, S. A., Shaw, A. M., Hale, B., Cobley, R., Berry, J. L., ... et al. (2016). Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of stress fracture during Royal Marine recruit training. Osteoporosis International, 27, 171-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3228-5
Glowacki, J. (2007). Vitamin D inadequacy in 2007: what it is and how to manage it. Current Opinion in Orthopaedics, 18(5), 480-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BCO.0b013e3282ab992f
Harvey, R. A., & Ferrier, D. R. (2017). Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: biochemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
He, C. S., Fraser, W. D., Tang, J., Brown, K., Renwick, S., Rudland-Thomas, J., ... et al. (2016). The effect of 14 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation on antimicrobial peptides and proteins in athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(1), 67-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1033642
Holick, M. F. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(3), 266-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
Holick, M. F., & Gordon, C. M. (2011). Patient guide to vitamin D deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96(7), 1-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.96.7.zeg33a
Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., ... et al. (2012). Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4), 1153-1158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2601
Hollis, B. W. (2005). Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. The Journal of Nutrition, 135(2), 317-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.2.317
Hossein-nezhad, A., & Holick, M. F. (2013). Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 88(7), 720–755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011
Knechtle, B., Jastrzębski, Z., Hill, L., & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2021). Vitamin D and stress fractures in sport: preventive and therapeutic measures—a narrative review. Medicina, 57(3), 223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030223
Kopeć, A., Solarz, K., Majda, F., Słowińska-Lisowska, M., & Mędraś, M. (2013). An evaluation of the levels of vitamin d and bone turnover markers after the summer and winter periods in polish professional soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 38, 135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0053
Koundourakis, N. E., Androulakis, N. E., Malliaraki, N., & Margioris, A. N. (2014). Vitamin D and exercise performance in professional soccer players. Plos One, 9(7), e101659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101659
Lappe, J., Cullen, D., Haynatzki, G., Recker, R., Ahlf, R., & Thompson, K. (2008). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 23(5), 741-749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.080102
Larson-Meyer, D. E., & Willis, K. S. (2010). Vitamin D and athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 220-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7dd45
Lovell, G. (2008). Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(2), 159-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181650eee
Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Calleja-González, J., Urdampilleta, A., León-Guereño, P., Córdova, A., Caballero-García, A., et al. (2018). Effects of vitamin D supplementation on haematological values and muscle recovery in elite male traditional rowers. Nutrients, 10(12), 1968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121968
Mosekilde, L. (2005). Vitamin D and the elderly. Clinical Endocrinology, 62(3), 265-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02226.x
Parsaie, N., Ghavamzadeh, S., & Cheraghi, M. (2019). Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on inflammatory markers and muscle damage indices of soccer players after a simulated soccer match. Nutrition, 59, 37-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.028
Pilch, W., Kita, B., Piotrowska, A., Tota, Ł., Maciejczyk, M., Czerwińska-Ledwig, O., ... et al. (2020). The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the muscle damage after eccentric exercise in young men: a randomized, control trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00386-1
Shimasaki, Y., Nagao, M., Miyamori, T., Aoba, Y., Fukushi, N., Saita, Y., ... et al. (2016). Evaluating the risk of a fifth metatarsal stress fracture by measuring the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Foot & Ankle International, 37(3), 307-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100715617042
Sikora-Klak, J., Narvy, S. J., Yang, J., Makhni, E., Kharrazi, F. D., & Mehran, N. (2018). The effect of abnormal vitamin D levels in athletes. The Permanente Journal, 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/17-216
Teixeira, P., Santos, A. C., Casalta-Lopes, J., Almeida, M., Loureiro, J., Ermida, V., ... et al. (2018). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency amongst soccer athletes and effects of 8 weeks supplementation. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(4), 693-699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08551-1
Tseng, M., Giri, V., Bruner, D. W., & Giovannucci, E. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D status in African American men. BMC Public Health, 9, 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-191
Valtueña, J., Dominguez, D., Til, L., González-Gross, M., & Drobnic, F. (2014). High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among elite Spanish athletes; the importance of outdoor training adaptation. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 30(1), 124-131.
Wilson-Barnes, S. L., Hunt, J. E., Williams, E. L., Allison, S. J., Wild, J. J., Wainwright, J., ... et al. (2020). Seasonal variation in vitamin D status, bone health and athletic performance in competitive university student athletes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Nutritional Science, 9, e8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2020.1
Wyon, M. A., Koutedakis, Y., Wolman, R., Nevill, A. M., & Allen, N. (2014). The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: a controlled study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(1), 8-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.007
Yoon, S., Kwon, O., & Kim, J. (2021). Vitamin D in athletes: Focus on physical performance and musculoskeletal injuries. Physical Activity and Nutrition, 25(2), 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2021.0011
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of ROL Sport Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
